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Intel - History
Eugenics

"In God we trust.
All others we monitor."

British Parson Thomas Malthus

Trail of Tears program ran for the entirety of the Jackson presidency (1829-1838), finishing up in the first year of his Vice President Martin van Buren's own presidency

• Andrew Jackson was the first U.S. President to implement removal with the passage of the Indian Removal Act of 1830.
• In 1831 the Choctaw were the first to be removed, and they became the model for all other removals.
• After the Choctaw removal went the Seminole in 1832, then the Creek in 1834, then the Chickasaw in 1837, and then finally the Cherokee in 1838.

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• Published November 24, 1859, the book's full title is On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life, while for the 6th edition of 1872 the title was changed to The Origin of Species

US-born William James

• This organization was founded as the US branch of this Cambridge University organization, initially started by the British Empire's Lord Balfour

Rerum Novarum was a sensation in 1891

• Rerum Novarum is the groundbreaking document on the moral organization of economies issued by Pope Leo XIII in 1891. 

Constitution for the Immigration Restriction League

• Started by a member of the Saltonstall family, Robert de Courcey Ward, plus Charles Warren and Prescott Farnsworth Hall (all Harvard graduates)
• Madison Grant would later serve as a Vice President to the group
• The members of the league felt it necessary to oppose the avalanche of supposedly "undesirable immigrants" that were coming to the United States from southern and eastern Europe. Many people in the U.S. at this time felt that these immigrants were threatening what they saw as the American way of life. The League was founded in Boston, but quickly gained support across the United States.

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British Empire's Francis Galton

• Francis Galton, cousin to Charles Darwin initiated the movement in the United States
• The organization was funded by the Harriman family, specifically Averell Harriman's mother

4'11" Congolese Pygmie on display at Bronx Zoo

• In 1906, as Secretary of the New York Zoological Society, he lobbied to put Ota Benga, a Congolese pygmy, on display alongside apes at the Bronx Zoo.
• Benga had survived the slaughter of much of his village by the Force Publique, an army of King Leopold II of Belgium. He lost his wife and two children in the massacre.
• Benga spent some of his time in the "Monkey House" exhibit, and the zoo encouraged him to hang his hammock there, and to shoot his bow and arrow at a target. The first day of the "exhibit", September 8, 1906, visitors found Benga in the Monkey House.

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• It was founded in 1908 as the Eugenics Education Society, becoming the Eugenics Society in 1926 (often known as the British Eugenics Society to distinguish it from others).
• It was based near Brockwell Park, Lambeth in London SE24. It changed its name to the Galton Institute in 1989.

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• The Eugenics Society felt that "inherited defect in turn underlay the lack of character, and that control of the excessive fertility of these people would get to the root of the matter. The fertility control method that they preferred was that of compulsory detention in state institutions; campaigns for the detention of inebriates, of those with venereal disease and of the feeble-minded were all carried on vigorously in the Society's first few years."

• In 1908, one Dr. Ettie Sayer told the (misnamed) Moral Education Congress, on the subject of "real moral degenerates": "If diagnosed as so actively anti-social and morally indirigible as to be unfit ever to live among a pure, honest, unselfish and public-spirited people, they should be classified and shipped off to various uninhabited isles."

• Eugenics Society ideas were incorporated in the 1909 "Report of the Royal Commission of the Feeble-Minded," which was prepared by a joint committee of members of the Society and the National Association for the Care and Protection of the Feeble-Minded, including Churchill adviser Dr. Alfred Tredgold.

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• Maximilian Muegge, a founding member who occasionally lectured for the Eugenics Education Society,wrote in 1909 in the first volume of the Eugenics Review that Sir Francis Galton had founded a racial religion: the ideal ofthe super-man would supply the religious feeling of responsibility which would give the science its popular support.

• During the years 1910 to 1940, the laboratory was also the home of the Eugenics Record Office of biologist Charles B. Davenport and his assistant Harry H. Laughlin, two prominent American eugenicists of the period.

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• The Rev. William R. Inge, Dean of St. Paul's, made a speech on "Some Social and Religiuous Aspects of Eugenics," in which he stated:
• "I cannot say I am hopeful about the near future. I am afraid that the urban proletariat may cripple out civilization as it destroyed that of ancient Rome. These degenerates, who have no qualities that confer survival value, will probably live as long as they can by "robbing hen roosts," as Mr. Lloyd-George truthfully describes modern taxation, and will then disappear...."

British Empire's Sir Winston Churchill

• Winston Churchill served as one of the Vice President of the First International Congress of Eugenics
• Charles Davenport was a Vice President of the Congress
• Harvard President Emeritus Charles Eliot was a Vice President of the Congress
• Stanford University founder David Starr Jordan was a Vice President of the Congress
• Gifford Pinchot, Teddy Roosevelt's head of the US Forest Service, was a Vice President of the Congress

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• One C.S. Stock, in a 1912 document published in Cambridge, praised eugenics research as "likely in the near future to provide us with the knowledge of how to rid society of a great incubus of disease, crime, deformity and many other "ills the flesh is heir to."

Teddy Roosevelt Promoted Eugenics

• "I wish very much that the wrong people could be prevented entirely from breeding; and when the evil nature of these people is sufficiently flagrant, this should be done. Criminals should be sterilized, and feeble-minded persons forbidden to leave offspring behind them. But as yet there is no way possible to devise which could prevent all undesirable people from breeding. The emphasis should be laid on getting desirable people to breed. This is no question of having enormous families for which the man and woman are unable to provide. I do not believe in or advocate such families. I am not encouraging shiftless people, unfit to marry, to have huge families. I am speaking of the ordinary, every-day Americans, the decent men and women who do make good fathers and mothers, and who ought to have good-sized families. "The unpardonable crime against the race is the crime of race suicide," he concluded.  

• The Works of Theodore Roosevelt; National Edition,} New York, Charles Scribner's Sons, 1926, volume XII, p. 201).
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• Also, when the "Mental Deficiency Act" came into force in 1914, the Eugenics Society called it "the only piece of English social law extant in which the influence of heredity had been treated as a practical factor in determining its provisions."

• In 1916, Society President Leonard Darwin stated that the works of Malthus "unquestionably form the starting-point for all speculation on popultanio, and are still valid in substance."

• The book supposedly quotes the American founding fathers George Washington and John Adams warning against foreign factions having influence here and Benjamin Franklin opposing the "immigration" of black Africans!
• The introduction to the book was written by Henry Osbourne, the President of the Museum of Natural History

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• In [William] Robinson's book, Eugenics, Marriage and Birth Control (Practical Eugenics), he advocated gassing the children of the unfit. In plain words, Robinson insisted: "The best thing would be to gently chloroform these children or give them a dose of potassium cyanide, but in our humane and civilized age such measures are not looked upon with favor. So the State is taking care of them. "

• Google Books
• Wiki on forced sterilization

Future US President Herbert Hoover

• Herbert Hoover was a member of the sponsoring committee for the Second International Eugenics Conference

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• Wiki on forced sterilization

Mussolini rose to power one year after the Second International Congress of Eugenics

• Mussolini installed by Italian monarchy

• A slow increase [in population] might be coped with by improvements in agricultural methods, but a rapid increase must in the end reduce the whole population to penury.... the white population of the world will soon cease to increase. The Asiatic races will be longer, and the negroes still longer, before their birth rate falls sufficiently to make their numbers stable without help of war and pestilence.... Until that happens, the benefits aimed at by socialism can only be partially realized, and the less prolific races will have to defend themselves against the more prolific by methods which are disgusting even if they are necessary.

Mildred and Richard Loving were indicted and pleaded guilty to violating Virginia's 1924 Racial Integrity Act

• The Racial Integrity Act required that a racial description of every person be recorded at birth, and felonized marriage between white persons and non-white persons. The law was the most famous ban on miscegenation (anti-miscegenation law) in the United States, and was overturned by the United States Supreme Court in 1967, in Loving v. Virginia.

• For marrying the only man she ever loved, Mildred Loving was arrested, convicted and banished from her home state. The Commonwealth of Virginia handed down such punishments in the 1950s to couples whose love the state did not sanction: She was black; her husband, Richard, was white; and their union was prohibited by law.
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Carrie Buck was a patient sentenced to compulsory sterilization.

• The Sterilization Act provided for compulsory sterilization of persons deemed to be "feebleminded," including the "insane, idiotic, imbecile, feebleminded or epileptic". These two laws were Virginia's implementation of Harry Laughlin's "Model Eugenical Sterilization Law", published two years earlier in 1922. The Sterilization Act was upheld by the U.S. Supreme Court in the case Buck v. Bell 274 U.S. 200 (1927), which appealed the order to involuntarily sterilize Carrie Buck and her family, who were inmates in the Virginia Colony for Epileptics and Feeble-Minded.
• Of the involuntary sterilizations reported in the United States prior to 1957, California was first, having involuntarily sterilized 19,985 people, and The Commonwealth of Virginia was second, having sterilized 6,683. Other states reported having involuntarily sterilized similar numbers of people as Virginia.

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1925 Edition of Mein Kampf

• His infamous book is in part inspired by the writings of Madison Grant, specifically "The Passing of the Great Race"
• The book was dedicated to Dietrich Eckart

• On June 20, 1992, the London Guardian reported the findings of British researcher Clive Ponting, on the late Winston Churchill's support for sterilization of "mental degenerates" and "the feeble-minded," in order to prevent the weakening of the "British race," especially in light of the growing economic-industrial threat represented by the US and Germany.

• The Guardian piece is entitled, "Churchill's Plan for Race Purity."
• One of the dramatis personnae in Pointing's account, is eugenicist Dr. Alfred Tredgold.

• Buck v. Bell, 274 U.S. 200 (1927), was the United States Supreme Court ruling that upheld a statute instituting compulsory sterilization of the mentally retarded "for the protection and health of the state."

• It was largely seen as an endorsement of negative eugenics—the attempt to improve the human race by eliminating "defectives" from the gene pool.

Pamphlet from the Human Betterment Society

• The Human Betterment Foundation (HBF) was an American eugenics organization established in Pasadena, California in 1928 by E.S. Gosney with the aim "to foster and aid constructive and educational forces for the protection and betterment of the human family in body, mind, character, and citizenship".
• It primarily served to compile and distribute information about compulsory sterilization legislation in the United States, for the purposes of eugenics.

• Later members included Lewis Terman (a Stanford psychologist best known for creating the Stanford-Binet test of IQ), William B. Munro (a Harvard professor of political science), and University of California, Berkeley professors Herbert M. Evans (anatomy) and Samuel J. Holmes (zoology).

• In 1929, such ideas branched out to encompass the issueof population control, with the formation of the British Population Society, which had 20 members, 14 of whom were members of the Eugenics Society, including Sir Bernard Mallet, president of the Royal Statistical Society and president of the Eugenics Society; Julian Huxley; John Maynard Keynes.
• The British Population Society had its offices within the Eugenics Society's rooms and was affiliated with the International Union for the Scientific Investigation of Population Problems, headquartered at the Institute for BiologicalResearch at Johns Hopkins University.

Nazi Anthropologist Fischer Met with Plannet Parenthood's Margaret Sanger

• In September 1930, she received at home the Nazi anthropologist Eugen Fischer.
• He was one of those responsible for the Nazi German scientific theories of racial hygiene that legitimized the extermination of Jews, sent an estimated half a million Gypsies to their death in the Porajmos, and led to the compulsory sterilization of hundreds of thousands of other individuals, deemed racially defective, such as the Rhineland Bastards, the mentally ill, and the mentally retarded.

• To accomplish its goals, the society formed a "Committee for Legalizing Eugenic Sterilization," with which Julian Huxley was associated, and which was the vehicle through which the Eugenics Society first made contact with Ernst Rudin in 1930.

British Empire's Sir Bernard Mallet

• President of the British Eugenics Society Sir Bernard Mallet, called for the sterilization of the "socially inadequate," the "race of the chronic paupers."
• Mallet had previously served as the private secretary to the British Empire's Lord Balfour
• The Congress elected Switzerland's Dr. Ernst Rudin to be President of the International Federation of Eugenics Organizations.
• Rudin wrote Hitler's race laws and trained the personnel who murdered 400,000 mental patients in Nazi Germany.
• The infamous "Third International Congress on Eugenics," held at New York's American Museum of Natural History August 21-23, 1932, supervised by the International Federation of Eugenics Societies

• Wiki
• Wiki on Ernst Rudin

Hitler's rise to power at height 
of Eugenics philosophy

• It was founded by Marion Stephenson Olden (née Norton), a eugenics-minded social worker, in 1937 as the Sterilization League of New Jersey (SLNJ) with the purpose "to aid in the preparation, promotion, enactment and enforcement of legislative measures designed to provide for the improvement of the human stock by the selective sterilization of the mentally defective and of those afflicted with inherited or inheritable physical disease."

• Encouraged by the eugenic sterilization legislation enacted by Georgia in 1937, the SLNJ lobbied intensely, although unsuccessfully, between 1939 and 1942 for the passage of a state sterilization law in New Jersey and conducted an educational program of publications and exhibits designed to promote sterilization.
• In 1943, the League was renamed Sterilization League For Human Betterment and decided to expand its activities nationwide.
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• Eugenics General Secretary Charles Blacker stated, that "people who are below average in intelligence should be sterilized, even if they are not actually defectives."

• In 1935 the Carnegie Institution sent a team to review their work, and as a result the ERO was ordered to stop all efforts.
• In 1939 the Institute withdrew funding for the ERO entirely, leading to its closure.
• Their reports, articles, charts, and pedigrees were considered scientific "facts" in their day, but have since been discredited.

• However, this closure came 15 years after its findings were incorporated into the National Origins Act (Immigration Act of 1924), which severely reduced the number of immigrants to America from southern and eastern Europe who, Harry Laughlin testified, were racially inferior than the Nordic immigrants from England and Germany.

• Stoddard explains that Eastern European Jews are not the Jews of the Bible, but descended from assorted Went-Asiatic peoples and a Mongoloid group called the Khazars. Thus, they are not racially related to Jesus and the apostles, since the Jews at hand are not those real Jews, it is perfectly all right to exterminate them.

• Reference to "The Permanent Menace from Europe" in the book "Beyond the Huddled Masses"

American Lothrop Stoddard, 
a passionate Eugenicist

• Stoddard, in 1940 actually sat as an honored guest on the bench of a Nazi Eugenics Court, in judgment on the sterilization of "unfit" Germans.

Dr. Nash Herndon advocated 
prevention of inheritable diseases

• In 1946, Dr. C. Nash Herndon, Dean of Bowman Gray School of Medicine, made a statement to the press on the use of sterilization to prevent the spread of inheritable diseases...."The first step after giving the mental tests to grade school children was to interpret and make public the results. In Orange County the results indicated that three percent of the school age children were either insane or feebleminded ... [The] field committee hired a social worker to review each case ... and to present any cases in which sterilization was indicated to the State Eugenics Board, which under North Carolina law had the authority to order sterilization."

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• From "New Hopes for a Changing World,'' 1951
• Everything done by European administrators to improve the lot of Africans is, at present, totally and utterly futile because of the growth of population. The Africans, not unnaturally, though now mistakenly, attribute their destitution to their exploitation by the white man. If they achieve freedom suddenly before they have men trained in administration and a habit of responsibility, such civilization as white men have brought to Africa will quickly disappear. It is no use for doctrinaire liberals to deny this; there is a standing proof in the island of Haiti..... [I]t must be admitted that until we include birth-control in our African policies every increase in efficiency and honesty and scientific skill on the part of European administrators will only increase the sum of human misery. The population problem is similar in Central and South America....

• At present the population of the world is increasing at about 58,000 per diem. War, so far, has had no very great effect on this increase, which continued throughout each of the world wars.... War ... has hitherto been disappointing in this respect ... but perhaps bacteriological war may prove more effective. If a Black Death could spread throughout the world once in every generation, survivors could procreate freely without making the world too full.... The state of affairs might be somewhat unpleasant, but what of it? Really high-minded people are indifferent to happiness, especially other people's.... 
• The population of the world is increasing, and its capacity for food production is diminishing. Such a state of affairs obviously cannot continue very long without producing a cataclysm. 

• To deal with this problem it will be necessary to find ways of preventing an increase in world population. If this is to be done otherwise than by wars, pestilences, and famines, it will demand a powerful international authority. This authority should deal out the world's food to the various nations in proportion to their population at the time of the establishment of the authority. If any nation subsequently increased its population it should not on that account receive any more food. The motive for not increasing population would therefore be very compelling. What method of preventing an increase might be preferred should be left to each State to decide....

• The American Eugenics Society, still cautious from the recent bad publicity vis-à-vis Hitler, left its old headquarters into the office of the Population Council, and the two groups melded together.

• The Racial Integrity Act began to crumble on June 12, 1967 when the United States Supreme Court decided Loving v. Virginia. The portion of the law which had prohibited marriages between "whites" and "nonwhites" was found to be contrary to the guarantees of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution.

• August 10, 1973, writing in the New York Times in an article entitled "From A China Traveler", David Rockefeller openly lauds and endorses Mao's actions:
• "Whatever the price of the Chinese Revolution, it has obviously succeeded in producing more efficient and dedicated administration but also in fostering high morale and community of purpose."..."The social experiment in China under Chairman Mao's leadership is one of the most important and successful in history."

• In 1975, Virginia's General Assembly repealed the rest of the Racial Integrity Act.

A forced sterilization procedure in China

• In 1979 the Sterilization Act was repealed.
• Virginia sterilized about 8,300 people under its state eugenics law between 1924 and 1972, the {International Herald Tribune} reported Nov. 22, 1989 in an article on eugenics in Communist China.