[source: Golden Age of the Moor, p. MOORISH WOMEN WERE WELL-EDUCATED AND CONTRIBUTED TO EDUCATION, LAW, MEDICINE, WRITING, THE ARTS, AND LIBRARY SCIENCES It should be pointed out that, at least during this era of Islamic Spain, girls as well as boys went to school, and numerous Moorish women became prominent in the literary and artistic fields. Other Moorish women were involved in education, law, medicine, and library science. [source: Golden Age of the Moor, p. 57] MUSLIM CITY OF CORDOVA, IN MOORISH SPAIN, 10TH CENTURY The Spanish city of Cordova, in the tenth century, was very much like a modern city. Its streets were well paved and there were raised sidewalks for pedestrians. At night, one could walk for ten miles by the light of lamps flanked by an uninterrupted extent of buildings. This was hundreds of years before there was a paved street in Paris, France, or a street light in London, England. The population of Cordova was over a million. There were 200,000 homes, 800 public schools, and many colleges and universities. Cordova possessed 10,000 palaces of the wealthy, besides many royal palaces, surrounded by beautiful gardens. There were even 5,000 mills in Cordova at a time when there was not even one in the rest of Europe. There were also 900 public baths, besides a large number of private ones, at a time when the rest of Europe considered bathing as extremely sinful, and to be avoided as much as possible. [source: Golden Age of the Moor, p. 86] IN ISLAM, EDUCATION WAS UNIVERSAL, NEARLY A RIGHT, WHEREAS IN CHRISTIAN EUROPE, 99% ILLITERACY Education was universal in Moorish Spain, being given to the most humble, while in Christian Europe ninety-nine percent of the people were illiterate, and even kings could neither read nor write. You had Moorish women who were doctors and lawyers and professors. [source: Golden Age of the Moor, pp. 86-87] MUSLIM-EDUCATED JEWS ESTABLISHED OXFORD UNIVERSITY IN ENGLAND Jewish scholars studied under the Moors, and then went to England and set up a scientific school at what later came to be Oxford University. The Moors furnished the knowledge and the Jews collected it. [source: Golden Age of the Moor, p. 86-87] EXPULSION OF MOORS FROM SPAIN SET BACK PROGRESS OF MANKIND The expulsion of the Moors from Andalusia was a serious setback to modern civilization. [source: Golden Age of the Moor, p. 88] ROMAN INVADERS APPLIED GREEK WORD FOR DARK TO AFRICANS, WHEN THEY INVADED THEM Although the term Moor has been put to diverse use, its roots are still traceable. Circa 46 BC, the Roman army entered West Africa where they encountered black Africans which they called "Maures" from the Greek adjective mauros, meaning dark or black. [source: Golden Age of the Moor, p. 151] LIBRARY OF ALEXANDRIA DESTROYED IN 389 CE BY CHRISTIAN EMPEROR THEODOSIUS The great library of Alexandria, accidentally damaged by Julius Caesar and restored by Mark Antony, was intentionally destroyed by a Christian mob on orders of the Christian emperor Theodosius in AD 389. [source: Golden Age of the Moor, p. 164] MOORS TRANSLATED EUCLID, GALEN, PLATO, ARISTOTLE, AND HINDU WRITINGS INTO ARABIC In spite of this, the Moors set out to quench their insatiable thirst for knowledge by "translating into Arabic all they could lay their hands on of ancient Greek and Sanskrit material, ransacking monastaries for rare copies of Euclid, Galen, Plato, Aristotle and Hindu sages." [source: Golden Age of the Moor, p. 164] ROMAN EMPEROR JUSTINIAN TERRORIZED GREEK SCHOLARS, WHO FLED TO PERSIA Jose M. Millas Vallicrosa is a Spanish historian...Vallicrosa makes the point that in 529 AD there was a migration of Greek scholars to Persia. These individuals were fleeing the tyranny of the Emperor Justinian, who had closed the academy at Athens and begun persecuting the Greek teachers. Persian rulers welcomed these learned refugees and Baghdad soon became the new center for the sciences as these scholarly refugees carried their ancient wisdom into Persian society. Chejne says that the tradition of supporting the sciences continued in Persia. [source: Golden Age of the Moor, p. 207] ROMANS SHUT DOWN GREEK PHILOSOPHY SCHOOLS IN 529 AD James also elaborates upon what Vallicrosa had alluded to earlier concerning the Byzantine Emperor Justinian. James states that both the edicts of Theodosius in the fourth century and later of Justinian (529), closed down the temples of the "Egyptian Mysteries" as well as the philosophical schools of Greece. The result was an intellectual darkness which descended over civilized Christian Europe and the entire Graeco-Roman world. It lasted for nearly seven centuries and the Greeks were afforded no open opportunity to improve upon the ancient Egyptian knowledge. [source: Golden Age of the Moor, p. 209] MUHAMMAD'S FIRST CONVERT TO ISLAM WAS BILAL, AN AFRICAN It is also a fact that Mohammed's first convert was Bilal, an Ethiopian. J.A. Rogers calls Bilal, Mohammed's "closest and most honored friend until his death, " and goes on to say that most of the earliest disciples were Africans, including another convert, Zayd bin Harith, the Prophet's adopted son and one of his greatest generals. [source: Golden Age of the Moor, p. 360] MUHAMMAD ADOPTED AN AFRICAN AS A SON, WHO BECAME A GREAT MUSLIM GENERAL It is also a fact that Mohammed's first convert was Bilal, an Ethiopian. J.A. Rogers calls Bilal, Mohammed's "closest and most honored friend until his death, " and goes on to say that most of the earliest disciples were Africans, including another convert, Zayd bin Harith, the Prophet's adopted son and one of his greatest generals. [source: Golden Age of the Moor, p. 360]